(a)List and briefly explain five different sources of change in a project.[5 marks ]
Different sources of change in a project:
•changing players:managers and personnel may change in any of the
organisations involved
•budgetary instability:financial management elsewhere in the organisation might lead to changes in the budget provision
•changing technology:new tools may become available,new approaches may become possible,the product itself may become outdated
•changing environment:actions of competitors,or changes in company strategy
•changing minds:customers often ask for change
•macroeconomic forces:in .ation,c anges in t e labour market;t e cost of
capital;expectations
one mark for each source,provided that some words of explanation or description are given:no description,no marks.Up to a maximum of .ve marks
[5 marks ]

(b)(i)What is rapid prototyping ?[1mark ]
(ii)Give one advantage,and one disadvantage,of rapid prototyping.[2 marks ]
(iii)Explain how rapid prototyping can elp us to manage change.[2 marks ]
(i)rapid prototyping is the creation and use of prototypes representing deliverables to promote customer response.
one mark for this or similar explanation [1 mark ]
(ii)Advantages:
•increased customer acceptance of deliverables
•avoid unrealistic expectations
•developers must listen to the customer
•expose misunderstandings and bugs early
•increased customer involvement
•increased customer familiarity and education
one mark for any of these
(iii)Disadvantages:
•requires additional e .ort (developed at di .erent level or on di .erent
platform)
•could lack discipline and encourage short cuts
one mark for either of these,or any other correctly-identified
disadvantage [2 marks ]
(iv)Rapid prototyping can elp us to manage change by reducing the obligation to (pre)specify requirements precisely at the start of a project (1 mark);changes due to customers can be identified earlier in development (1 mark).[2 marks ]

(c)(i)What is configuration management ?[1mark ]
(ii)How would you use configuration management in the development of a
system?[2 marks ]
(iii)Explain how configuration management can help us to manage
change.[2 marks ]
(i)configuration management is a methodology in which specifications are treated as if they were contracts (1 mark).
one mark for this or similar explanation [1 mark ]
(ii)Using configuration management:
•develop detailed specification,get it approved,treat it as a baseline
•develop a general design,tested against the specification constantly,when approved it becomes the new baseline
•develop more detailed design,tested against the general design,when
approved it becomes the new baseline
•etc,etc...
That is,create successive versions of the specification (or system in
development),each approved and treated as the baseline for the next stage of development.
up to two marks for a good explanation [2 marks ]
(iii)Configuration management can help us to manage change by enforcing discipline (1 mark),requests for change can be screened (1 mark),it forms a sound basis for auditing and documentation (1 mark),updating the design is tied closely to updating the documentation (1 mark).
up to two marks for a good explanation [2 marks ]