| (a) |
Psychologists sometimes find it useful to distinguish between sensation and perception. (i)With the aid of a diagram,brifely explain the process of sensation and perception.[3 marks ] Sensation is the process whereby sensory receptors absorb raw physical energy (physiological);perception is the process whereby the neural impulses are interpreted (psychological)(1). (2)for a complete and correct diagram:
(ii)Provide and explain an example that demonstrates how this process of sensation and perception works.[2 marks ] In looking at an object,for example,a chair,the sensory perceptors absorb the light energy.This energy is translated into neural signals that are sent to the brain,which the perception process organises such that the concept of “a chair ”is recognised.(1)for a reasonable attempt at explanation;(2)for a complete and correct explanation.
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| (b) |
Thought and language are separate,but inter-related activities. (i)Semanticity is a property of languages.Describe semanticity,using an appropriate example.[3 marks ] Semanticity refers
to the fact that languages are made up of separate units each having
a meaning (1).(1)for any one of the following points:the smallest
units are morphemes;other units are lexemes (words);in spoken language,morphemes
are made up of phonemes (the basic sounds of language).(1)for an appropriate
•Example:the word “busstop ”is made up of two units “bus ”and “stop ”,each having a meaning,but when combined gives a different meaning. •Example:the sentence “the cat eats ”is made up of three units,each having individual meaning,and producing a new meaning when they are combined. (ii)Describe the linguistic relativity hypothesis with an appropriate example. [2 marks ] The linguistic relativity hypothesis refers to the theory that states that language shapes the way that we conceptualise the world (1).Example:Eskimos have several words for snow to allow them to make mental distinctions that others may miss, but which is based on their experience of the world (1).
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| (c) |
The use of algorithms is one of the problem-solving approaches.It is sometimes mistakenly stated that a correct solution is guaranteed. (i)Define the term “algorithm.”[1 mark ] An algorithm is a specific step-by-step procedure that is designed to accomplish a task.(1) (ii)With the aid of examples,give two reasons why a correct solution may NOT be guaranteed,even if an algorithm is used.[4 marks ] •While it may be possible to design algorithms to solve problems,a solution may not exist (1).Example:algorithms are available to find prime numbers, however,it is impossible to find the largest prime number in existence.(1) •An algorithm is only as good as its designer:if the algorithm is incorrect,then a correct solution would not be found:(1)for the correctness of the algorithm being dependent on the human who designed it.Example:in an animal classification algorithm,the human may have omitted an option from a case statement, resulting in a system that cannot recognise a giraffe(1) |
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